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Fahey, T., “Population”, in S. O’Sullivan (ed.), Contemporary Ireland: a Sociological Map (Dublin, University College Dublin Press, 2007), pp. 13-29.
Fenton, S. & Mann, R., “Introducing the majority to ethnicity: do they like what they see”, in G. Calder, P. Cole & J. Seglow (eds), Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging. Migration, Membership and the Liberal Democratic State (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 141-155.
Gilmartin, M., “The Changing landscape of Irish migration, 2000-2012” NISRA Working Paper, no. 69 (2012).
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Notes
According to the EUDO@ Observatory on Citizenship, the distinction between the two terms remains difficult to define: “There is much terminological confusion in the study of citizenship statuses and laws. While public international law uses the term nationality to refer to the legal bond between an individual and a sovereign state, several domestic laws use the term citizenship or its equivalent.” EUDO Observatory on Citizenship, http://eudo-citizenship.eu/, last accessed 13 March 2014.
Siofra O’Leary’s comment in this respect is worth noting when she refers to the “exclusionary aspect” of both nationality and citizenship. S. O’Leary, “Irish Nationality Law”, in Bruno Nascimbene (ed.), Nationality Laws in the European Union (Milan, Butterworths et Giuffrè Editore, 1996), pp. 423-464, p. 424.
G. Bertocchi and C. Strozzi, “The Evolution of Citizenship: Economic and Institutional Determinants”, IZA Discussion Paper no. 2510 (2006), p. 2.
E. Vasileva, “Population and Social Conditions”, Eurostat Statistics in focus, 34 (2011), p. 7, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF accessed March 2013.
P. Cole, “Introduction: ‘Border crossings’ – The dimensions of membership”, in G. Calder, P. Cole and J. Seglow (eds), Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging: Migration, Membership and the Liberal Democratic State (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 1-23, p. 1.
B. Ó Caoindealbháin, “Citizenship and Borders: Irish Nationality Law and Northern Ireland”, Institute for British-Irish Studies, Working Paper 68 (2006), p. 1.
G. Bertocchi and C. Strozzi, op. cit., p. 2.
Ireland refers to the Republic of Ireland or Éire in the Irish language. In the following pages, the two terms will be used interchangeably.
K. Yester, “Globalization’s Last Hurrah?”, Foreign Policy Review (1 January 2002).
P. Sweeney, The Celtic Tiger: Ireland’s Economic Miracle Explained (Dublin, Oak Tree Press, 1998); F. Barry (ed.), Understanding Ireland’s Economic Growth (Basingstoke and London, MacMillan Press Ltd, 1999).
C. Coulter, “The end of Irish history? An introduction to the book”, in C. Coulter and S. Coleman (eds), The End of Irish History? Critical Reflections on the Celtic Tiger, (Manchester & New York, Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 1-33, p. 2.
Ibid.
In the late 1980s for instance, emigration was still a solution for many Irish men and women: 70,000 left in 1989, a number equal approximately to 2 per cent of the country’s population. See T. Fahey, “Population”, in S. O’Sullivan (ed.), Contemporary Ireland: a Sociological Map (Dublin, University College Dublin Press, 2007), pp. 13-29, p. 27.
By net migration is meant the difference between emigration and immigration. Positive migration, then, is the case where i > e. Where I = immigration and e = emigration. Figures are based on various data compiled by the Central Statistics Office.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Trends in International Migration. Continuous Reporting System on Migration (Paris, OECD, 1997), p. 116; OECD, Trends in International Migration. Continuous Reporting System on Migration (Paris, OECD, 1999), p. 155.
J. Mac Laughlin, Ireland: The Emigrant Nursery and the World Economy (Cork, Cork University Press, 1994).
M. Ruhs and E. Quinn, “Ireland: from Rapid Immigration to Recession”, in Migration Information Source, Country Profiles (2009), http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=740 accessed February 2013.
Figures based on Central Statistics Office (CSO) reports.
CSO, Measuring Ireland’s Progress (Dublin, Stationery Office, 2008).
National Economic and Social Council, Managing Migration in Ireland: A Social and Economic Analysis (Dublin, NESDO, 2006), p. 12.
M. Ruhs and E. Quinn, “Ireland: from Rapid Immigration to Recession”, op. cit.
Please note that the situation has been reversed lately as net migration plummeted in 2008, and in 2010, the levels of migration were at their lowest since 1994. See M. Gilmartin, “The Changing landscape of Irish migration, 2000-2012”, NISRA working paper series, no. 69 (2012), p. 2.
P. Mac Éinrí, “Immigration policy in Ireland”, in F. Farrel and P. Watt (eds), Responding to Racism in Ireland (Dublin, Veritas, 2001), pp. 46-87, p. 53.
M. Ruhs and E. Quinn, op. cit.
Ibid.
NESC, Managing Migration in Ireland, op. cit., p. 21.
M. Ruhs and E. Quinn, op. cit.
D. Cubie and F. Ryan, Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Law in Ireland. Cases and Materials (Dublin, Thomson Round Hall, 2004), p. ix.
They remain all the more difficult to define as Ireland has allowed non-nationals to enjoy some traditional citizenship rights in the context of European legislation, most notably the right to vote in some local elections. S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 425. See also B. Ó Caoindealbháin, op. cit.
S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 425; C. Symmons, « Le droit de la nationalité en Irlande », in P. Weil and R. Hansen (eds), Citoyenneté et nationalité en Europe (Paris, La Découverte, 1999), p. 307.
Legally, the two terms relate to different facets of the relationship between the individual and the State: nationality relates to the external (international) dimension, citizenship to the internal (domestic) dimension. See J. Handoll, “Ireland”, EUDO Observatory on Citizenship, Citizenship or Nationality, http://eudo-citizenship.eu/, last accessed March 2014.
S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 423.
B. Doolan, Constitutional Law and Constitutional Rights in Ireland (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 1984), p. 7.
J. Handoll, op. cit.
S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 425.
Catherine Piola has stressed the uniqueness of the Irish State among European States for granting citizenship unconditionally in Europe for over 80 years. C. Piola, “The Reform of Irish Citizenship”, Nordic Irish Studies 5 (2006), pp. 41-58, p. 46.
Such a conception of citizenship largely differs from Britain for whom the territorial expanse of the Empire has led to several transformations of British nationality laws in the 20th century.
S. Loyal, Understanding Immigration in Ireland. State, Capital and Labour in a Global Age (Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 2011), p. 143.
C. Symmons, op. cit., p. 309.
That dimension has remained at the core of the Irish State’s priorities. One example in the 1940s could be Taoiseach John A. Costello’s mention that “[the] Irish at home are only one section of a great race which has spread itself throughout the world, particularly in the great countries of North America and the Pacific”. Dáil Debates, cxiii, 393, 24 November 1948. In the 1950s, the wish to extend Irish citizenship as widely as possible corresponded to a desire to encourage emigrants and their descendants to come back to Ireland. It was also a way to fight the psychological trauma caused by the continued depopulation of the island. On these points, see Mary E. Daly, “Irish Nationality and Citizenship since 1922”, Irish Historical Studies 32:127 (2001), pp. 377-407.
S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 426.
I. Honohan, “Citizenship Attribution in a New Country of Immigration: Ireland”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36:5 (2010), pp. 811-827.
S. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 449.
D. Cubie and F. Ryan, op. cit., p. xi.
Ibid.
For a full assessment of Irish nationality and citizenship laws, see C. Piola, op. cit.; M. E. Daly, op. cit.; S. O’Leary, op. cit.; J. Handoll, op. cit.; U. Crowley, M. Gilmartin and R. Kitchin, “Vote yes for common sense citizenship”: Immigration and the paradoxes at the heart of Ireland’s ‘Céad Míle Fáilte’”, NIRSA Working Paper 30 (2006).
J. Handol, op. cit., p. 8.
C. Piola, op. cit., p. 43.
J. Handol, op. cit., p. 8.
Ireland had been one of the few first countries, together with Sweden and the UK, to open up its labour market to citizens from the ten new EU countries in 2004.
C. Piola, op. cit., p. 44.
J. Handol, op. cit., p. 8.
B. Ryan, “The Celtic Cubs: the Controversy over Birthright Citizenship in Ireland”, Kent Academic Repository (2004), http://kar.kent.ac.uk/1677, p. 15. For a full discussion on the 2004 Citizenship referendum, see also J. King, “Porous nation: from Ireland’s ‘haemorrhage’ to ‘immigrant inundation”, in R. Lentin (ed.), The Expanding Nation: Towards a Multi-Ethnic Ireland (Dublin, Dept. of Sociology, Trinity College, 1998), pp. 49-54; B. Ní Chiosáin, “Passports for the New Irish? The 2004 Citizenship Referendum”, Études Irlandaises 32:2 (2007), pp. 31-47; C. Smyth and D. O’Connell, “The Irish Citizenship Referendum 2004: A Solution in search of a problem?”, in Shah, P. & Menski , W.F. (eds), Migration, Diasporas and Legal Systems (London and New York, Routledge Cavendish, 2006), pp. 127-143.
S. Brandi, “Unveiling the Ideological Construction of the 2004 Irish Citizenship Referendum: a Critical Discourse Analytical Approach”, Translocations 2:1 (2007), pp. 26-47, pp. 35-36.
For the results, see http://electionsireland.org/results/referendum/refresult.cfm?ref=2004R consulted March 2016.
H. Becker and C. Cosgrave, Naturalization Procedures for Immigrants Ireland. EUDO Citizenship Observatory, Italy (2013), p. 1, http://eudo-citizenship.eu accessed March 2014.
J. Handol, op. cit., p. 11.
B. Ryan, op. cit., p. 20.
Handoll, for instance, has argued that the 2004 attempt aimed at removing a constitutional problem created by previous constitutional reforms (J. Handoll, op. cit., p. 22). That element has to be put in some context. Dug Cubie and Fergus Ryan are not off the mark when they argue that a situation of net immigration “caught the [Irish] State on the hop. A government more used to outward than inward migration clearly struggled to cope with what could hardly have been predicted 20 years ago” (D. Cubie and F. Ryan, op. cit., p. viii).
C. Piola, op. cit., p. 54. In that respect, Iseult Honohan’s comment is worth noting when she argues that “[p]erhaps, the most striking feature of Irish citizenship laws has been the lengthy dominance, late constitutionalisation, and subsequent retreat of pure ius soli” (I. Honohan, op. cit., p. 5).
Conferral of nationality as a special honour is another way to acquire Irish citizenship.
H. Becker and C. Cosgrave, op. cit., p. 2.
Ibid., p. 3.
J. Guillaumond, “Is a new definition of Irish identity emerging in the Republic of Ireland in the 21st century?”, in A. Milne and R. Verdugo (eds), European Identities (Charlotte / NC, Information Age Publishers, to be published).
This report looks at diversity in the form of non-Irish nationals living in Ireland, along with foreign languages spoken and ability to speak English. Central Statistics Office, Census 2011 - Profile 6 – Migration and Diversity (Dublin, Stationery Office, 2012), p. 8.
The 2011 Irish Census is presented as such: “The census will give a comprehensive picture of the social and living conditions of our people in 2011. Only a census can provide such complete detail. The census is not, however, an end in itself! Rather the results are essential tools for effective policy, planning and decision making purposes.” See Census 2011 website, http://www.census.ie/The-Census-and-You/Your-Questions.90.1.aspx accessed January 2014.
D. Kertzer and D. Arel (eds), Census and Identity. The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002).
In Ireland, the links on dual citizenship with Britain had been severed earlier in the mid-1930s. Comparing with Britain, one could say that there was at the time a more inclusive British subjecthood as defined by the British Nationality Act 1948 which said that though each Commonwealth state could have its own immigration laws, each also had to recognise nationals of other member states as “British subjects” and not as aliens.
S. Brandi, op. cit., p. 35.
C. Piola, “La Politique d’immigration en Irlande”, in C. Maignant, Le Tigre celtique en question (Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2007), pp. 147-172, p. 148.
CSO, Census 2011, Profile 6, Migration and Diversity, 2012.
CSO, Statistical Yearbook of Ireland (Dublin, Stationery Office, various years).
CSO, Census 2011, op. cit., p. 26.
R. C. King-O’Riain, “Counting on the ‘Celtic Tiger’. Adding Ethnic Census Categories in the Republic of Ireland”, Ethnicities 7:4 (2007), pp. 516‑542.
M. Cadogan, “Fixity and Whiteness in the Ethnicity Question of Irish Census 2006”, Translocations 3:1 (2008), pp. 50-68, p. 52.
Figures from Statistical Yearbook of Ireland, op. cit., 2011 and 2013.
R. C. King O’Riain, “Re-Racialising the Irish State through the Census, Citizenship and Language”, Race and State (Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006), p. 282, http://eprints.nuim.ie/506/ accessed December 2013.
B. Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, Verso, 2006), p. 166.
M. Cadogan, op. cit., p. 58.
G. O’Keeffe-Vigneron, “Les Irlandais en Angleterre et les Polonais en Irlande : chemins convergents ou parcours divergents ? ”, in L. Germain et al. (eds), Identités et cultures minoritaires dans l'aire anglophone, Entre « visibilité » et « invisibilité » (Paris, L’Harmattan, 2010), pp. 169-185.
M. Cadogan, op. cit., p. 60.
Ibid., p. 55.
S. Fenton and R. Mann, “Introducing the majority to ethnicity: Do they like what they see”, in G. Calder, P. Cole and J. Seglow (eds), Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging. Migration, Membership and the Liberal Democratic State (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 141-155, p. 142.
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