Notes
Hugo GYE, "An embattled Prime Minister facing down his own party over Europe: How Cameron's referendum promise turns back the clock to 1975 when Brits were last given a voice on the EU", The Daily Mail, 23 janvier 2013, <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2266844/EU-referendum-How-PMs-promise-turns-clock-1975-Brits-given-voice-EU.html#ixzz4BSTzqfsZ>, consulté le 2 septembre 2016.
A l'exception du Morning Star, d'obédience communiste. Roy GREENSLADE, "Did national papers' pro-European bias in 1975 affect the referendum?", The Guardian, 4 février 2016, <https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/feb/04/did-national-papers-pro-european-bias-in-1975-affect-the-referendum>, consulté le 21 septembre 2016.
John PALMER, "The British press and Euroscepticism: Mirror or magnifying glass?", European Council on Foreign Relations, 11 avril 2013,
<http://www.ecfr.eu/blog/entry/the_british_press_and_europe_mirror_or_magnifying_glass303>, consulté le 21 septembre 2016.
The Daily Telegraph : créé en 1855, propriété de David et Frederick Barclay, tirage 458 272.
The Guardian : créé en 1821, propriété du Scott Trust Limited, tirage 157 704.
The Daily Mail : créé en 1896, propriété du Daily Mail and General Trust, tirage 1 520 200.
Chiffres de septembre 2016. Source ABC, <http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/sunday-times-ft-guardian-and-observer-were-best-performing-print-titles-in-september>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
"a scale and intensity of negative coverage about the EU that informed commentators have judged to be 'unique' in Europe as a whole", Oliver DADDOW, "The UK media, Euroscepticism and the UK referendum on EU membership", 10 février 2016, <http://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-uk-media-euroscepticism-and-the-uk-referendum-on-eu-membership-2>, consulté le 20 septembre 2016.
Henry MANCE, George PARKER, Jim PICKARD, "EU referendum rivals woo UK press barons", The Financial Times, 11 février 2016, <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6f9b0dfa-d026-11e5-92a1-c5e23ef99c77.html#ixzz4Ayq0hFpI>, consulté le 2 septembre 2016.
Ian BURRELL, "Brexit is causing an identity crisis for the British media", The Independent, 28 février 2016, <http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brexit-is-causing-an-identity-crisis-for-the-british-media-a6901811.html>, consulté le 12 juillet 2016.
Sur le concept de cadrage, voir notamment R. M. ENTMAN, "Framing. Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm", Journal of communication, vol. 43, 1993, 51-58.
H. A. Semetko et P. M. Valkenburg ont ainsi identifié cinq types de cadrage dans le contexte de la couverture médiatique hollandaise de la rencontre européenne d'Amsterdam en 1997 (l'attribution de responsabilité, le conflit, la dimension humaine, les conséquences économiques et la moralité), H. A. SEMETKO, P. M. VALKENBURG, "Framing European politics: a content analysis of press and television news", Journal of Communication, vol. 50, n° 2, 2000, 93-109.
Media coverage of the EU Referendum, Report 1, Report 2, Report 3, Report 4, Report 5, 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-1/2/3/4/5>, consultés le 24 octobre 2016.
Telegraph : 100%, Mail : 98%, Guardian : 91%.
Telegraph : 80%, Guardian : 45%, Mail : 37%.
Telegraph : 7,6, Mail : 7,3, Guardian : 6,1.
Guardian : 2,7, Mail : 2,6, Telegraph : 2.
<http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information>, consulté le 13 octobre 2016.
Guardian : 61%, Telegraph : 52%, Mail : 50%.
Mail : 41%, Telegraph : 36%, Guardian : 25%.
Mail : 28, Telegraph : 23, Guardian : 19.
Telegraph : 86%, Guardian : 67%, Mail : 0%.
Telegraph : 69%, Mail : 61%, Guardian : 58%.
31% de l'ensemble des photographies d'hommes politiques dans le Mail, 27% dans le Guardian.
B. Johnson a travaillé comme correspondant du Telegraph à Bruxelles de 1989 à 1994, puis comme rédacteur adjoint de 1994 à 1999. Il doit renoncer à sa chronique hebdomadaire en juillet 2016 lorsqu'il est nommé ministre des Affaires étrangères, <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/who-is-boris-johnson-a-profile-of-britains-new-foreign-secretary>, consulté le 3 octobre 2016.
33% contre 16%.
"The debate is highly presidential in character, focusing on key individuals", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 3), 12 juin 2016, <http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-of-the-eu-referendum-report-3>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
"Cameron comes to the campaign starting line like an athlete lining up for the race of his life after a night on the tiles", The Guardian, 15 avril 2016.
"He is looking like a man so hell-bent on referendum victory that he is forgetting the party he leads and what it stands for", The Telegraph, 29 avril 2016.
"This paper has often, in the past, admired the PM's fortitude and courage", 25 mai 2016. "Cameron's EU sell-out", 29 avril 2016. "Lifeless: a weary David Cameron on the Andrew Marr show yesterday", 13 juin 2016. "Unpatriotic-the PM should stop talking this country down", 9 juin 2016. "Mr Cameron's crazy assertions", 19 mai 2016. "What are you afraid of, Dave?", 8 juin 2016.
"The Mail has great respect for Mr Osborne's record as Chancellor", 19 avril 2016. "He is adopting devious manipulative tactics", 14 mai 2016. "Mr Osborne's shabby behind-the-scenes and undemocratic meddling", 14 mai 2016.
"a Tory able to reach non-Tories by carrying less of their nasty-party baggage", 23 avril 2016. "When it comes to Europe, Johnson's career was all but built on willful distortion and deception", 12 mai 2016.
"Gove and Johnson treat facts with Trump-scale disdain", 21 mai 2016. "Post-truth politicians such as Trump and Boris", 12 mai 2016.
"our blond hero", 12 mai 2016. "the charisma of Boris Johnson", 15 avril 2016.
"the biggest gun in the Leave campaign's arsenal", 9 mai 2016. "perhaps the most popular politician in the country", 23 mai 2016.
"A notable – but not the only – contribution to the rise of this style of UK press Euroscepticism was made by the ‘acerbic anti-European polemicism’ penned by Boris Johnson during his stint as the Daily Telegraph’s Europe correspondent (1989-95)", Oliver DADDOW, op.cit.
Guardian : 39, Mail : 37, Telegraph : 30.
"a number of Tory grandees", The Daily Telegraph, 16 mai 2016. "Labour grandees", The Guardian, 14 juin 2016. "veteran Eurosceptic Sir Bill Cash", The Mail, 20 juin 2016. "pro-EU veteran Kenneth Clarke", The Mail, 9 juin 2016. "lifelong Europhile Michael Heseltine", The Mail, 8 juin 2016.
"the referendum's leading anti-EEC campaigner", The Guardian, 5 juin 2016.
"some of the most outspoken critics of Mr Cameron's pro-EU tactics are former Maastricht rebels", The Telegraph, 23 mai 2016.
David BAKER, Pauline SCHNAPPER, Britain and the Crisis of the European Union, Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015, 61-62.
"Tory divisions", 16 mai 2016. "Tory split", 21 mai 2016. "Conservative colleagues on the opposite side of the debate", 18 avril 2016. "Conservative rivals", 6 mai 2016. "Tory infighting", 11 juin 2016. "a bitter Tory battle", 9 mai 2016. "Conservative civil war on Europe", 10 mai 2016.
"blue-on-blue", The Guardian, 5 juin 2016.
The Mail : "blue-on-blue", 19 avril 2016. "battle", 6 juin 2016. "the Tory war", 10 mai 2016. "Tory infighting", 13 juin 2016.
The Telegraph : "blue-on-blue", 2 mai 2016. "the Tory civil war", 19 mai 2016. "Tory rifts over Europe", 21 avril 2016. "Tory divisions", 10 mai 2016. "intensive Tory infighting", 20 juin 2016.
"Dominic Raab hit out at his Tory colleagues", The Guardian, 21 mai 2016. "Defence Secretary Penny Mordaunt contradicted the PM", "The Guardian, 21 mai 2016. "Iain Duncan Smith said Cameron lied twice in two sentences on ITV yesterday", The Guardian, 4 juin 2016. "He has lied. IDS attacks PM over accession timetable", The Telegraph, 15 mai 2016. "Tories' Brexit rift widens as rebels call for Cameron exit", The Guardian, 30 mai 2016. "He must go, say Cameron's Tory enemies", The Mail, 30 mai 2016.
"best of enemies", The Mail, 9 mai 2016. "Cameron and Johnson go head to head in Tory battle", The Guardian, 10 mai 2016. "the bitter personal row between D. Cameron and B. Johnson", The Telegraph, 20 mai 2016.
"an internal party battle", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 2), 6 juin 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-2>. "personal rivalries", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 1), 23 mai 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-1>. "some discernible media interest in another forthcoming vote: the one to decide who will be the next Prime Minister", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 4), 19 juin 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-4>, consultés le 24 octobre 2016.
"the Conservative party may be destroyed by this EU madness", The Telegraph, 20 avril 2016.
"both sides of the Conservative debate on Europe are attacking each other [...] apparently forgetting that whatever the referendum outcome, the party must afterwards reunite to govern and win the next election", The Telegraph, 16 avril 2016.
Robert SAUNDERS, "40 Years On: The 1975 Referendum Remembered", 5 juin 2015, <http://www.britishinfluence.org/40_years_on_the_1975_referendum_remembered>, consulté le 21 septembre 2016.
"David Cameron and Labour's Tessa Jowell", The Telegraph, 20 mai 2016. "David Cameron and Harriet Harman set out their stall for Remain", The Guardian, 21 mai 2016. "David Cameron laughs with Labour's Harriet Harman", The Mail, 23 juin 2016.
"PM unites with Khan for launch of pro-EU battle bus", The Guardian, 30 mai 2016.
"Gordon Brown backs Cameron with appeal for a better Britain", The Telegraph, 15 mai 2016.
"Cameron and ex-union chief join forces on EU", The Guardian, 28 avril 2016.
"Blair and Major unite to warn of risk to UK", The Telegraph, 9 juin 2016.
"Ed Miliband has joined Tories and Lib Dems in signing the declaration", The Guardian, 2 mai 2016. "Ed Miliband [...] has joined forces with Environment Secretary Liz Truss, Green party MP Caroline Lucas and former Lib Dem minister Sir Ed Davey", The Mail, 2 mai 2016.
"The Green MP Caroline Lucas, Plaid Cymru's leader, Leanne Wood, and the Scottish First minister, Nicola Sturgeon, highlight the role of the EU's social benefits", The Guardian, 21 mai 2016.
"Brexiters Kate Hoey and Nigel Farage", The Guardian, 16 juin 2016. "Farage and Grayling's unlikely alliance", The Mail, 19 avril 2016.
"The referendum campaign [...] shows the need for a realignment in our politics", The Guardian, 18 avril 2016.
"Cameron fear campaign", The Telegraph, 3 juin 2016. "Vote Leaves' campaign of fear", The Guardian, 21 mai 2016. Pour les quatre groupes de leviers psychologiques, voir Serge TCHAKHOTINE, Le viol des foules par la propagande politique, Paris, Gallimard, 1939.
"Sturgeon: Treasury scare stories insult voters' intelligence", The Guardian, 24 mai 2016.
"Her approach is refreshing if it signals an end to the alarmist nonsense that has so far typified much of the Remain camp's rhetoric", The Telegraph, 29 avril 2016.
"project fear", 24 mai 2016. "in an apocalyptic escalation of project fear", 10 mai 2016. "That was not merely project fear. It was project apocalypse", 19 avril 2016. "the latest official disaster-move script", 23 avril 2016.
"Planet Fear ", 15 juin 2016. "Project Panic", 13 juin 2016.
"a campaign of myths and fear-peddling", 18 juin 2016. "master of the myths", 18 mai 2016. "scaremongering", 24 mai 2016.
"trying to terrify the elderly about their pensions", 13 juin 2016. "Osborne's new scare: Brexit will ruin UK for decades", 18 avril 2016. "David Cameron yesterday: Brexit would risk war and genocide", 10 mai 2016.
"5 million more on way, says Gove", 21 mai 2016. "Osborne's 3 M migrant bombshell", 19 avril 2016. "Boris: beware 77 M Turks coming here", 18 avril 2016.
"Minister of Fear", "Scare stories about Britain’s likely decline in the event of no vote were common", Roy GREENSLADE, op.cit.
<http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/news-releases-referendums/electoral-commission-designates-vote-leave-ltd-and-the-in-campaign-ltd-as-lead-campaigners-at-eu-referendum>, consulté le 20 avril 2016.
BSE : président Lord Rose (ancien PDG de Marks & Spencer et pair conservateur), directeur Will Straw (travailliste), soutenu par des conservateurs (D. Cameron, G. Osborne), des travaillistes (P. Mandelson), des libéraux-démocrates (D. Alexander), des Verts (C. Lucas), ainsi que par Brendan Barber, l’ancien secrétaire général du TUC, <http://www.strongerin.co.uk>
VL : président Gisela Stuart (député travailliste), responsables du comité de campagne G. Stuart et M. Gove (conservateur), directeur Matthew Elliott (stratège politique), directeur de campagne Dominic Cummings (conseiller politique), soutenu par des conservateurs (C. Grayling, I. Duncan Smith, P. Patel, B. Johnson, A. Leadsom), des travaillistes (K. Hoey, F. Field), l'unique député Ukip (D. Carswell), ainsi que des chefs d'entreprise, <http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org>
Guardian : 109/41, Mail : 52/15, Telegraph : 47/11.
Telegraph : 9/2, Guardian : 10/3, Mail : 6/7.
Question posée lors du référendum : "Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?"
Guardian : 47,8%, Telegraph : 27,3%, Mail : 0%.
"it lacks the killer instinct", The Guardian, 16 avril 2016.
"being a well-oiled machine that lacks horsepower", The Guardian, 18 avril 2016.
"a name that sounds like a disease", The Guardian, 16 avril 2016.
"Vote Leave has been an effective leadership campaign masquerading as a referendum team", The Guardian, 20 juin 2016.
"the official BSE group", The Telegraph, 11 mai 2016. "Vote Leave which is the official Out campaign", The Mail, 11 mai 2016.
<https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election>, consulté le 23 octobre 2016.
The Guardian, 2 juin 2016.
Telegraph : 11%, Guardian : 8%, Mail : 6%.
Telegraph : 5,4%, Guardian : 5,9%, Mail : 3,9%.
The Guardian, 11 juin 2016.
Telegraph :11% du total des photos d'hommes politiques britanniques, Mail : 8%, Guardian : 6%.
"In both press and TV coverage, the EU referendum is largely a ‘Tory Story’ so far", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 2), 6 juin 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-2>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
"The night saw vicious clashes from colleagues in the same party, with blue-on-blue conflict between Conservatives and 'red on red' angst between Labour politicians", The Guardian, 22 juin 2016.
The Mail : "changing views", 15 avril 2016. "an unconvincing Europhile", 11 mai 2016. "Even Corbyn doesn't believe what he says", 15 avril 2016. "Jeremy Corbyn had all the persuasive force of a hostage speaking the words handed to him by his captors", 11 mai 2016.
The Telegraph : "previously a committed Eurosceptic", 16 avril 2016. "an act of cognitive dissonance delivered with all the burning passion of a dead haddock in central London yesterday, 15 avril 2016.
"the secret agent working hard for Brexit", The Telegraph, 14 juin 2016.
"His late conversion to the cause has left many people a tad suspicious about his motives", 15 avril 2016. "a closet Brexiter", 11 juin 2016.
29% en mai 2015, 29,7% en novembre 2016, <http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/?sort=4&type=0>, consulté le 25 octobre 2016.
L'expression, qui vient de la physique nucléaire, fait référence à la quantité de matériau nucléaire nécessaire au déclenchement d'une réaction en chaîne. Drude DAHLERUP, "From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics", Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 11, n° 4, 1988, 275-298.
Voir note 15.
Voir note 18.
Guardian : 15%, Mail : 11%, Telegraph : 13%. Les mentions de la député travailliste J. Cox, toutes postérieures à son assassinat ne sont pas comptabilisées.
Guardian : 23%, Telegraph : 20%, Mail : 17%.
Telegraph : 16%, Guardian : 13%, Mail : 10%.
"Women-dominated EU debate a welcome break from Tory boys’ brigade", Emily Harmer, 10 juin 2016, <https://theconversation.com/women-dominated-eu-debate-a-welcome-break-from-tory-boys-brigade-60868>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
Guardian : 37, Telegraph : 27, Mail : 24.
Nombre total de mentions : P. Patel (48), T. May (44), M. Thatcher (34), G. Stuart (27), A. Leadsom (26), H. Harman (19), P. Mordaunt (18), A. Rudd (17), N. Sturgeon (12), A. Eagle (10).
"a debate between men", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 2), 6 juin 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-2>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
"Harriet Harman has written to Ofcom to complain that male politicians are being allowed to dominate the EU referendum debate on the airwaves", The Guardian, 24 mai 2016.
"Women's voices have been drowned out by the unmistakably masculine and noisy playground spat that is taking place between Tory blokes", The Guardian, 25 mai 2016.
"the Tory MP Priti Pattel", The Guardian, 14 mai 2016. "Ruth Davidson, the leader of the Scottish Conservatives", The Telegraph, 21 juin 2016. "Home Secretary Theresa May", The Mail, 3 mai 2016.
"Leave campaigner Kate Hoey", The Mail, 3 juin 2016. "Brexiter Priti Patel", The Guardian, 5 juin 2016. "pro-Remain Education Secretary Nicky Morgan", The Mail, 9/06/2016. "Theresa May, one of the government's key advocates for staying in the EU", The Telegraph, 25 avril 2016.
"Miss Truss gazing at the TV camera like a hungry spaniel", "Miss Rudd ferocious in librarian spectacles", 19 avril 2016. "Wearing the trousers: Mrs May yesterday", 26 avril 2016.
"an instinctive Eurosceptic struggling uncomfortably in the straightjacket of the Remain camp", The Mail, 26 avril 2016. "May, the reluctant remainer", The Telegraph, 26 avril 2016.
"deafening silence of Theresa May", "That way [...] she can come through the middle as a healing figure to the Tory Party when the inevitable post-referendum leadership contest starts", The Mail, 4 juin 2016.
"Eagle, regarded as a strong Commons performer, and even tipped by some as a potential successor to J. Corbyn", 19 avril 2016. "G. Stuart, the most senior Labour figure in the campaign For Britain to leave the EU", 16 mai 2016.
"The new era of multi-party politics in the UK is not reflected in Referendum coverage", Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 1), 23 mai 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/media-coverage-eu-referendum-report-1>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
Media coverage of the EU Referendum (report 5), 27 juin 2016, <https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/uk-news-coverage-2016-eu-referendum-report-5-6-may-22-june-2016>, consulté le 24 octobre 2016.
"referendums are always [...] open to simplistic propaganda, media manipulation and utopian populist demagoguery", David BAKER, Pauline SCHNAPPER, op.cit., 179.
"increasingly poisonous", The Mail, 16 avril 2016. "stop the insults", The Mail, 6 juin 2016. "the increasingly acrimonious Brexit debate", The Telegraph, 16 mai 2016.
"anyone thinking that they are a vehicle for explaining the pros and cons of being in Europe would be under a complete misconception", in Stephen CASTLEJUNE, "Brexit Vote Gives Tabloids Chance to Unleash Anti-European Tendencies", The New York Times, 10 juin 2016, <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/world/europe/brexit-britain-european-union-media.html?_r=0>, consulté le 12 septembre 2016.
"large chunks of the press have totally given up on any commitment to that role of properly informing public debate", Alastair CAMPBELL, "Time to call out the Union of Media barons’ Lie Machines and their anti-democratic role in the EU referendum", 12 mars 2016, <http://www.alastaircampbell.org/blog/2016/03/12/time-to-call-out-the-union-of-media-barons-lie-machines-and-their-anti-democratic-role-in-the-eu-referendum>, consulté le 2 septembre 2016.
"The time has come. The long rood to June 23rd is at its end, the battle's over-now you take control on Europe", The Telegraph, 23 juin 2016.
"Nailed: 4 big EU lies", "Now is the time to vote to leave the EU and make June 23 Independence day", The Mail, 23 juin 2016.
"Last-ditch push to stay in Europe", The Guardian, 23 juin 2016.
45% des articles en faveur de la sortie de l’UE, 27% en faveur du maintien, d'après une étude du Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, in Samuel OSBORNE, "EU Referendum: National press biased in favour of Brexit, says study", 23 mai 2016,
<http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/eu-referendum-national-press-biased-in-favour-of-brexit-says-study-a7043446.html>, consulté le 2 septembre 2016.
Walter LIPPMAN, Public Opinion, New York, The Free Press, 1997 [1922].
"The judges versus the people", The Telegraph, 4 novembre 2016. "Enemies of the People", The Mail, 4 novembre 2016. "Turmoil for May as judges rule that parliament must decide on Brexit", The Guardian, 4 novembre 2016.
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